Hack tech fact

 Order of the reaction :   1- It is the sum of powers of the concentrations in the rate law expression. 2- It is an experimentally determined value obtained from the rate of overall reaction. 3- It may be a whole number, a fraction, or zero. 4- It cannot be obtained from a balanced chemical equation. 5- The mechanism of a chemical reaction cannot be known from the order of the reaction. 6- It can change with the conditions, such as pressure, temperature and concentration.

Molecularity of reaction: 1- It is the number of reacting species undergoing simultaneous collisions in the reaction. 2- It is a theoretical concept which depends upon the rate determining step in the reaction mechanism. 3- It is always a whole number and never zero, and generally never exceed three. 4- It is obtained from a single balanced equation. 5- The reaction mechanism can be know from the molecularity of a reaction. 6- It is invariant for a reaction.

 Adsorption: 1- It is a surface phenomenon. 2- The concentration of the adsorbing substance (adsorbates) is higher at the surface (of adsorbent) than in the bulk. 3- It may be +ve or -ve depending on the larger or less concentrations of the adsorbed substance on the surface of the adsorbent. * When the concentration of adsorbates is more on the surface of the adsorbent than in the bulk it is called positive adsorption, on the other hand, when the concentration of adsorbates is less on the surface of the adsorbent than in the bulk, it is called negative adsorption. 4- It is a rapid process. 5- The rate of adsorption is rapid initially but decrease slowly. Examples:  Water is adsorbed by silica gel. Ammonia is absorbed by charcoal.

Absorption: 1- It is an interior or bulk phenomenon. 2- The concentration of absorbed substance is uniform throughout the absorbing substance. 3- it is neither +ve or -ve, it is uniform. 4- It is a slow process because of diffusion. 5- The rate of absorption is uniform throughout. Example:   Water is absorbed by anhydrous calcium chloride. Ammonia is absorbed by water. 

Minerals:        The naturally occurring materials found in the earth crust in which metals are present in the native form or in combined state along with other impurities are called minerals or natural substances in which metal or their compounds are found in the earth's crust are called minerals.

Diffusion 1- It occurs directly and does not require any semi-permeable membrane. 2- Both the molecules of solute and Solvent move from a higher concentration to lower concentration. 3- It is applicable to both gases and liquids. 4- It can not be stopped by applying external pressure.

Osmosis 1- It takes in the presence of a semi-permeable membrane. 2- Solvent molecules move from a solution of lower concentration to that of higher concentration. 3- It is restricted to solutions only. 4- Osmosis ceases when an external pressure is applied.

 Electrolytic conduction: 1- Current passes by the movement of free ions. 2- Transfer of matter takes place in form of ions. 3- Change in Chemical properties takes place due to decomposition of electrolyte. 4- Resistance decreases or conductance increases due to increase in temperature. It is because due to increase in temperature, the viscosity of the medium and degree of hydration of ions increase which increase the movement of ions.

Metallic conductions 1- Current passes by movement of free electrons.  2- No transfer of matter takes place.  3- No change in chemical properties takes place  4- Resistance increase or conductance decreases due to increase in temperature. It is because due to increase of temperature thermal motion of metal ions increase which result in hindrance of flow of electrons.  

Electrolytic refining : Metals having large positive electrode potentials are purified by this method. The Metals to be purified should have lower discharge potential than the impurities. For example, during the purification of Cu metal, impure metal is made anode, a piece of pure metal is made cathode and electrolysis is carried in an electrolytic bath containing acidified CuSO⁴ as electrolyte.