Refining of metals by electrolytic method

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Electrolytic refining :

Metals having large positive electrode potentials are purified by this method. The Metals to be purified should have lower discharge potential than the impurities. For example, during the purification of Cu metal, impure metal is made anode, a piece of pure metal is made cathode and electrolysis is carried in an electrolytic bath containing acidified CuSO⁴ as electrolyte.

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Siemens Ozoniser how Siemens Ozoniser work

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Rutile structure

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Rutile structure: The radius radio is in the range 0.73 to 0.41. in rutile (TiO²) each Ti⁴+ ion is octahedrally surrounded by six O²- ions whereas each other O²- ion is surrounded by only three Ti⁴+ ions arranged at the tree corners of a plane triangle. The Co-ordination number of Ti⁴+ and O²+ ions are 6 and 3, respectively. It is not exactly a close packed structure. Ti⁴+ ions in rutile may however, be considered as forming a sufficiently distorted body centred cubic lattice.           Example  compounds  having radius ratio below 0.41 are SiO² and BeF² but these are only a few. The Co-ordination number of Si⁴+ and Be²+ is four and that of O²- is two. However, these are appreciably co-valent.
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F - block element What are f - block elements

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