Hack tech fact

Formation of Alloy:     -An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of a metal and a non metal. Transition metals from alloys very easily because of the transition metal are quite similar and they can mutually substitute for one another in Crystal lattice . Molten transition metals are mutually miscible in one another forming an alloy on cooling               For example , stainless steel is an alloy of Fe , Ni and Cr ,  brass is an alloy of Cu and Zn , 

Melting and boiling points :  Transition elements , have high melting and boiling point as compared to normal element . The malting and boiling point , however increase and decrease to a maximum value (elements with five unpaired electron) and then falls as the atomic numbers increase in a series . This is due to the strong metallic bond between their atom . As the strength of metallic bond depend upon the number of unpaired electron (or, half field d-orbitals)5, the number of unpaired electron increase upto d configuration (e.g. , Cr in the first series ) and then decrease upto d configuration (e.g., Zn in the first series) and therefore , the melting point and boiling point increase upto Cr and then decrease to Zn , Cd , and Hg, all the d- orbital are completely failed , no electrons are available for co-valent bonding (metal bonding) amongst the atoms of these elements. Thus , these elements have very low melting point and boiling point in their respective transition series.

Transition series: There are four transition series - 1- First transition series contain 10 elements from scandium (at.no.21) to Zinc (at.no.30). They have incompletely 3d orbitals. 2- Second transition series contain 10 elements , from Yttrium (at.no.39) to cadmium (at .no . 48 ) they have incomplete 4d - orbitals . 3- Third transition series include 10 elements with incomplete 5 d - orbitals . These are Lanthanum (at . no . 80) . 4- Fourth transition series . This series is not complete and has incompletely filled f - electrons . This consist of lanthanides and actinides are identified below under f - block elements.

What are transition element:    The elements occupying the position in the middle of the periodic table whose inner d-or f- orbitals are not completely filled are called transition elements. The transition element is one whose atom or at least one of its ions has incompletely filled d-or,f-orbitals. In case of transition elements, it's atom or simple ion contains 1 to 9 electrons in d - orbitals or 1 to 13 electrons in f-orbitals. Transition elements (d-or f-block elements) present between s - and p - block elements. Thus, it follows that the elements undergoing change of state from highly  electro positive elements (metals) of s - block to highly electronegative elements (non - metals) of p - block .

What are F - Block Elements - F - block elements are consist of Lanthanides and Actinides. In Lanthanides, they are 14 element immediately following Lanthanum (57) from cerium (58) to lutecium (71) . These 14 element are called Lanthanides . These Lanthanides belong to first inner transition series .           In Actinides , these are also 14 elements immediately following Actinium (89) starting from Thorium (90) to lawrencium (103) . The element from Th (90) to Lr (103) are called Actinides . They belong to second inner transition series.

Electronic configuration of the                 Actinides -  i - Electronic configuration of the Actinides are not always easy to confirm because of some factors these are : 1- Atomic spectra of the heavy element are very difficult to interrupt in terms of configuration competition between  5fn7s² and 5fn–¹ 6ds² configuration is of interest. 2- For early Actinides , promotion 5f -> 6d occurs to provide more bonding electrons . Much easier than the corresponding 4f -> 5d promotion in Lanthanides . 3- Second half of Actinides series resemble lanthanides more closely . ii - 5f orbital have greater extension with respect to 7s and 7p than do 4f relatively to 6s and 6p orbital . iii - 5f , 6d , 7s and 7p orbitals are of comparable energies over a range of atomic numbers .          especially U - Am . iv - Tendency towards variable valence. v - Greater tendency towards complex formation including complexation wit...

Common properties of the Actinides : 1- All isotopes of all the Actinides are radioactive due to instability. 2- All the Actinides are unstable and reactive due to atomic number above 83 (nuclear stability) . 3- Majority are synthetically made by particle accelerations. 4- All have a silvery or silvery white lustre in metallic form. 5- All have the ability to form stable complexes with ligands, such as chloride , sulphate , carbonate and acetate. 6- many of the Actinides occur in sea water or minerals. 7- The Actinides undergo nuclear reactions. 8- The emission of radioactive , toxicity , pyrophoric (ignite at room temperature in a finely divided sate) and nuclear criticality (when combine with fissionable materials, chain reaction occur resulting in lethaldos of radioactive) make the Actinides hazardous to handle.

The Actinides The actinides series element with atomic numbers 89 to 103 and it is the third group in the periodic table . The series is the row below the lanthanides series (shown earlier), which is placed underneath the main body of the periodic table .             Lanthanides and Actinides series are both referred to as Rare earth metals . These  elements are radioactive. The most common and known element is uranium mineral , which is used as nuclear fuel when it is convert into plutonium through a nuclear reaction.   The first Actinides to be discovered were uranium mineral by Klaproth in 1789 and Thorium by Berzelius in 1829 , but most of the Actinides were man - made products of the 20th century .   Actinium and protactinium occur only in trace amounts in nature as decay products of 253 - Uranium and 238 - Uranium  . Microscopic amount of plutonium are made by neutron capture by Uranium , and yet occurs naturally . Monazite is the ...

Complex compound 1- These retain their identity in solid as well as in solution State.  2- The Constituent simple salts may not be in the equimolar proportions. 3- These may have ionic as well as covalent bonds. 4- These salts don't gives the test of all the ions of their Constituents in the solution. 5- potassium ferrocyanide K4 [Fe (CN) 6] is a complex compound . Double salt  1- These retain their identity in solid but lose their identity in solution . 2- The Constituent simple salt in it are in equimolar properties. 3- These contain ionic bonds. 4- These are characterised by the complete dissociation in solution State and therefore give the test of all the ion present in them . 5- Alum is a double salt .                    K2 SO4 Al2 (SO4) 24H2O

        Lanthanide Lanthanides were first discovered in 1787 from a unusual black mineral found in ytterby , Sweden. This mineral now known as Gadolinite, and was separated later in various lanthanide element .    In 1795 , professor Gadolin obtained an impure from of yttrium oxide from the mineral . In 1803, Berzelius and Klaproth separated the cerium compound . Latter , Mosely using  X - ray spectra of the element showed that there were 14 element between Lanthanum and Hafnium . The rest of the element were latter separated from the same mineral , Gadolinite .    These elements were first classified as rare earth  due to the fact that obtained by reasonable rare minerals . But , this is misleading , since the lanthanide elements have a practically unlimited abundance . So, the term , Lanthanides was adopted , originating from the first element of the series , Lanthanum .    The Lanthanides consist of the element in the f - bl...