Helium Discovery of helium who discover helium sun and helium

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About helium Discovery of helium :- 

Janssen and Lockyer (1868) while examining the chromosphere of the sun during the total solar eclipse , observed a new yellow bright line in the sun which was different from that of  D¹ and D² lines of sodium . This was due to the presence of a new element which was named as Helium.     ( in Greek : the say Helios = Sun )  . Latter on , in 1885 , Ramsay obtained this gas by heating  clevite (uranium mineral) and confirmed this gas by  spectral analysis.

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Rutile structure

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Rutile structure: The radius radio is in the range 0.73 to 0.41. in rutile (TiO²) each Ti⁴+ ion is octahedrally surrounded by six O²- ions whereas each other O²- ion is surrounded by only three Ti⁴+ ions arranged at the tree corners of a plane triangle. The Co-ordination number of Ti⁴+ and O²+ ions are 6 and 3, respectively. It is not exactly a close packed structure. Ti⁴+ ions in rutile may however, be considered as forming a sufficiently distorted body centred cubic lattice.           Example  compounds  having radius ratio below 0.41 are SiO² and BeF² but these are only a few. The Co-ordination number of Si⁴+ and Be²+ is four and that of O²- is two. However, these are appreciably co-valent.
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Siemens Ozoniser how Siemens Ozoniser work

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Siemens Ozoniser:  This Ozoniser consist of two co-axial glass tubes fused together at one end. The outer side of the outer glass tube and the inner side of the inner glass tube are finally coated with tin foils as shown in the figure given below.  (Siemens Ozoniser)->2                                                     (Siemens Ozoniser)->1 These tin foil are connected  to the induction coil for supply of silent electric discharge. Pure and dry oxygen gas is passed into the apparatus through annular space. The gas is then subjected to the action of silent electric discharge where oxygen gets converted into ozone. The ozonised oxygen then comes out  of the apparatus through the outlet of the Ozoniser. (Siemens Ozoniser)->2
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Physical properties of chlorine

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Physical properties of Chlorine:-  1- It is greenish yellow gas with a pungent irritating odour. 2- It is poisonous, it produces headache and large quantities taken prove fatal.. 3- It is 2.5 times heavier than air. 4- It is soluble in water and the solution is known as Chlorine water. On cooling at 0°C it forms chlorine hydrates (Cl².8H²O)  5- It boils at _34.6°C.
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